{"id":21873,"date":"2018-05-21T10:33:33","date_gmt":"2018-05-21T17:33:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/?p=21873"},"modified":"2018-05-21T10:33:33","modified_gmt":"2018-05-21T17:33:33","slug":"eating-junk-food-raises-cancer-risk-even-slim-women","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/all-mfn\/eating-junk-food-raises-cancer-risk-even-slim-women\/","title":{"rendered":"Eating Junk Food Raises Cancer Risk, Even for Slim Women"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Whether you are slim or obese, one thing is clear: calorie-dense processed foods increase cancer risk, regardless of body weight.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers studied data from 92,000 postmenopausal women who took part in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative, a 15-year study of health in postmenopausal women. They focused on the energy density of the women\u2019s diets \u2013 \u201chigh energy\u201d diets are synonymous with \u201chigh calorie\u201d diets \u2013 and noted the number of calories per gram of the total diet.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-21874\" src=\"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fries.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"375\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fries.jpg 640w, https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fries-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fries-570x380.jpg 570w, https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fries-380x254.jpg 380w, https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fries-285x190.jpg 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/>The researchers made an unexpected finding: Women in the top fifth of energy density were 10 percent more likely to be diagnosed with an obesity-related cancer compared to the bottom fifth, and this relationship was found in women who were at a normal weight at baseline.<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0These cancers\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/risk\/obesity\/obesity-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">include<\/a>\u00a0colorectal, pancreatic, endometrial, ovarian, liver, kidney, gallbladder, and postmenopausal breast cancers.<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0This increase in risk was associated with the calorie density of the women\u2019s diets.<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The results suggested:\u00a0<strong>If you choose low-nutrient, energy-dense foods, it will affect your health even if it doesn\u2019t affect your waistline.\u00a0<\/strong>Just because you\u2019re slim doesn\u2019t mean junk food isn\u2019t damaging your health.<\/p>\n<h2>Energy density vs. nutrient density<\/h2>\n<p>Dietary energy density in this study was defined as the number of calories per gram in a food of the entire diet. For the most part, typical high energy-dense foods, such as baked goods, French fries, burgers, pizza and desserts, are low in nutrient density (micronutrients per gram). High nutrient-dense foods, such as vegetables, fruits, and legumes, tend to be low in energy density.<\/p>\n<p>Following a diet that is high in nutrient density and low in energy density is essential for good health. This is the origin of my health equation\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.drfuhrman.com\/learn\/library\/articles\/55\/nutrient-density\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">H = N\/C<\/a>\u00a0(Health = Nutrients per Calorie). A high ratio of micronutrients to calories is the basis of a healthful diet.<\/p>\n<h2>How energy density might promote cancer<\/h2>\n<p>Obesity contributes to cancer in a variety of ways: for example, excess fat tissue causes a state of low-grade inflammation, promotes insulin resistance, and produces estrogen.<sup>1,3-5<\/sup>\u00a0<sup>6<\/sup>\u00a0However, calorie-rich junk food has effects \u2013\u00a0other than weight gain \u2013\u00a0that could contribute to cancer development:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Elevated insulin and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.drfuhrman.com\/learn\/library\/articles\/2\/animal-protein-is-linked-to-increased-risk-of-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">IGF-1<\/a>\u00a0levels<\/strong>: From high-glycemic processed foods and high animal protein foods, respectively. Excess of these pro-growth hormones is linked to an increased risk of several cancers.<sup>4<\/sup><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.drfuhrman.com\/learn\/library\/articles\/106\/what-is-oxidative-stress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oxidative stress<\/a>\u00a0and inflammation<\/strong>.<sup>7<\/sup><\/li>\n<li><strong>Nutrient inadequacies:<\/strong><sup>8<\/sup><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Many Americans do not meet recommended intakes of magnesium, calcium, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin K.<sup>9<\/sup><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lack of protective phytochemicals from natural plant foods<\/strong>\u00a0(such as glucosinolates from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.drfuhrman.com\/learn\/library\/articles\/6\/cruciferous-vegetables-offer-great-cancer-protection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cruciferous vegetables<\/a>\u00a0and lignans from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.drfuhrman.com\/learn\/library\/articles\/13\/fight-breast-cancer-with-flax-and-chia-seeds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flax and chia seeds<\/a>).<sup>10,11<\/sup><\/li>\n<li><strong>Excess folic acid from fortified refined foods:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Anyone in the U.S. who eats a typical diet (especially those who also take a conventional multivitamin) is exposed to excessive amounts of folic acid due to mandatory fortification of refined grain products. Although rates of neural tube defects have gone down, there are serious concerns about the potential cancer-promoting effects of exposing the whole population to synthetic folic acid daily in the food supply.\u00a0<sup>12-15<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.drfuhrman.com\/learn\/library\/position-papers\/9\/folate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read more: Folate Position Paper<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When you eat a diet with more micronutrients and fewer calories, you age more slowly, and also improve immune system protection against cancer.\u00a0 When you eat excess calories, especially excess calories that do not contain a significant micronutrient load, you accelerate aging and increase your risk of cancer.\u00a0 You can exercise off those extra calories, but they will still negatively affect your health. It is not enough to be at a healthy weight \u2013 you must actually eat healthfully to age more slowly, prevent cancer, and live a long healthy life.<\/p>\n<p><em>Originally printed on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.drfuhrman.com\/library\/eat-to-live-blog\/154\/excess-weight-does-not-protect-against-heart-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DrFuhrman.com<\/a>. Reprinted with permission from Dr. Fuhrman.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Dr. Fuhrman is a board-certified family physician specializing in nutritional medicine. He is President of the Nutritional Research Foundation and the author of 6 NY Times bestselling books, including The End of Heart Disease.\u00a0 Visit him at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.drfuhrman.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DrFuhrman.com<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>References:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"ui-id-1\">National Cancer Institute: Obesity and Cancer.\u00a0In 2017 [https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/risk\/obesity\/obesity-fact-sheet]<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-2\">Thomson CA, Crane TE, Garcia DO, et al.\u00a0Association between Dietary Energy Density and Obesity-Associated Cancer: Results from the Women&#8217;s Health Initiative.\u00a0<em>J Acad Nutr Diet\u00a0<\/em>2017.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-3\">Coelho M, Oliveira T, Fernandes R.\u00a0Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ.\u00a0<em>Arch Med Sci\u00a0<\/em>2013,\u00a09:191-200.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-4\">Cohen DH, LeRoith D.\u00a0Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer: the insulin and IGF connection.\u00a0<em>Endocr Relat Cancer\u00a0<\/em>2012,\u00a019:F27-45.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-5\">Kolb R, Sutterwala FS, Zhang W.\u00a0Obesity and cancer: inflammation bridges the two.\u00a0<em>Curr Opin Pharmacol\u00a0<\/em>2016,\u00a029:77-89.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-6\">Cleary MP, Grossmann ME.\u00a0Minireview: Obesity and breast cancer: the estrogen connection.\u00a0<em>Endocrinology\u00a0<\/em>2009,\u00a0150:2537-2542.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-7\">Saha SK, Lee SB, Won J, et al.\u00a0Correlation between Oxidative Stress, Nutrition, and Cancer Initiation.\u00a0<em>Int J Mol Sci\u00a0<\/em>2017,\u00a018.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-8\">Ames BN.\u00a0Prevention of mutation, cancer, and other age-associated diseases by optimizing micronutrient intake.\u00a0<em>J Nucleic Acids\u00a0<\/em>2010,\u00a02010.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-9\">Fulgoni VL, 3rd, Keast DR, Bailey RL, Dwyer J.\u00a0Foods, fortificants, and supplements: Where do Americans get their nutrients?\u00a0<em>J Nutr\u00a0<\/em>2011,\u00a0141:1847-1854.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-10\">Stefanson AL, Bakovic M.\u00a0Dietary regulation of Keap1\/Nrf2\/ARE pathway: focus on plant-derived compounds and trace minerals.\u00a0<em>Nutrients\u00a0<\/em>2014,\u00a06:3777-3801.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-11\">Shukla S, Meeran SM, Katiyar SK.\u00a0Epigenetic regulation by selected dietary phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention.\u00a0<em>Cancer Lett\u00a0<\/em>2014,\u00a0355:9-17.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-12\">Smith AD, Kim YI, Refsum H.\u00a0Is folic acid good for everyone?\u00a0<em>Am J Clin Nutr\u00a0<\/em>2008,\u00a087:517-533.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-13\">Figueiredo JC, Grau MV, Haile RW, et al.\u00a0Folic acid and risk of prostate cancer: results from a randomized clinical trial.\u00a0<em>J Natl Cancer Inst\u00a0<\/em>2009,\u00a0101:432-435.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-14\">Kim YI.\u00a0Will mandatory folic acid fortification prevent or promote cancer?\u00a0<em>Am J Clin Nutr\u00a0<\/em>2004,\u00a080:1123-1128.<\/li>\n<li id=\"ui-id-15\">Mason JB.\u00a0Folate, cancer risk, and the Greek god, Proteus: a tale of two chameleons.\u00a0<em>Nutr Rev\u00a0<\/em>2009,\u00a067:206-212.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Whether you are slim or obese, one thing is clear: calorie-dense processed foods increase cancer risk, regardless of body weight. Researchers studied data from 92,000 postmenopausal women who took part in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative, a 15-year study of health in postmenopausal women. They focused on the energy density of the women\u2019s diets \u2013 \u201chigh energy\u201d diets are synonymous with \u201chigh calorie\u201d diets \u2013 and noted the number of calories per gram of the total diet. The researchers made an unexpected finding: Women in the top fifth of energy density were 10 percent more likely to be diagnosed with an obesity-related cancer compared to the bottom fifth, and this relationship was found in women who were at a normal weight at baseline.2\u00a0These cancers\u00a0include\u00a0colorectal, pancreatic, endometrial, ovarian, liver, kidney, gallbladder, and postmenopausal breast cancers.1\u00a0This increase in risk was associated with the calorie density of the women\u2019s diets.2 The results suggested:\u00a0If you choose low-nutrient, energy-dense foods, it will affect your health even if it doesn\u2019t affect your waistline.\u00a0Just because you\u2019re slim doesn\u2019t mean junk food isn\u2019t damaging your health. Energy density vs. nutrient density Dietary energy density in this study was defined as the number of calories per gram in a food [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":238,"featured_media":21874,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21873","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-mfn"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21873","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/238"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21873"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21873\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21873"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21873"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medfitnetwork.org\/public\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21873"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}